Abstract: E tšohla mesebetsi ea li-surfactants, joalo ka ho kolobisa, ho qhalakanya, ho emulsifying, ho qhibilihisa, ho foka makoeba, ho silafatsa, ho hlatsoa le ho tlosa litšila, jj., Ho hlahisa tlhophiso ea ba sebetsang ka maqhubu, le ho hlahisa Agent tse 'maloa tse sebelisoang hangata holim'a lefatše. Le karolo ea litlolo, sesepa, meriana, lijo. Mokhoa oa nts'etsopele oa li-surfactants oa hlalosoa.

1. Kemiso ea surfactants

Ho na le mekhoa e mengata ea ho arola li-surfactants, tse arotsoeng ho latela mohloli oa li-surfactants. Hangata li-Surfactants li arotsoe ka mekhahlelo e meraro: li-synthetic surfactants, li-surfactants tsa tlhaho le li-surfactants tsa tlhaho.

Li-surfactants li ka aroloa ka mekhahlelo e mene: anionic, cationic, zwitterionic le nonionic ho latela mofuta oa li-ion tse hlahisoang ke sehlopha sa hydrophilic. Li-surfactants tse sebelisoang hangata, tseo hydrophobic base e leng sehlopha sa hydrocarbon, le tsona li ka ba le likarolo tse kang oksijene, naetrojene, sebabole, chlorine, bromine le iodine ka har'a molek'hule, 'me li bitsoa li-surfactants tsa hydrocarbon kapa li-surfactants tse tloaelehileng. Li-surfactants tse nang le fluorine, silicon, phosphorus le boron li bitsoa li-surfactants tse khethehileng. Ho hlahisoa ha fluorine, silicon, phosphorus, boron le likarolo tse ling ho fa li-surfactants ts'ebetso e ikhethang le e ntle haholo. Li-surfactants tse nang le fluorine ke e 'ngoe ea mefuta ea bohlokoahali ea li-surfactants tse khethehileng.

2. Karolo ea mantlha ea li-surfactants

(1) Emulsification: Ka lebaka la tsitsipano e phahameng ea oli ka metsing, ha oli e tšeloa ka metsing, e hlohlelletsa ka matla, oli e silakanngoa hore e be lifaha tse ntle ebe e tsoakane le emulsion, empa e hlohlona e emisa ebe dikarolo. Haeba u eketsa motho ea sebetsanang le ho sebetsa ka matla le ho hlohlelletsa ka matla, ho ke ke ha ba bonolo ho arohana nako e telele kamora ho emisa, e leng emulsification. Lebaka ke hore hydrophobicity ea oli e lika-likelitsoe ke sehlopha sa hydrophilic sa moemeli ea mafolofolo, e leng se hohelang ho tataisa, ho fokotsa mosebetsi o hlokoang ke ho hasana ha oli ka metsing, le ho etsa hore oli e be hantle. Ho

(2) Phello ea metsi: Hangata ho na le lera la boka, mafura kapa lintho tse makhakhapha tse khomaretsoeng kaholimo ho karolo, e leng hydrophobic. Ka lebaka la tšilafalo ea lintho tsena, bokaholimo ba likarolo ha bo bonolo ho kolobisoa ke metsi. Ha li-surfactants li kenyelletsoa tharollong e nang le metsi, marotholi a metsi likarolong a hasana habonolo, e leng ho fokotsang tsitsipano ea likaroloana mme e fihlela sepheo sa ho kolobisa. Ho

(3) Ho qhibiliha ha metsi: lintho tse mafura li ka "qhibiliha" kamora ho eketsa li-surfactants, empa ho qhibiliha hona ho ka etsahala feela ha mohopolo oa motho ea sebetsang sebakeng seo a fihla sehlohlolong sa colloid. Ho qhibiliha ho ipapisitse le ntho ea solubilization mme ho latela sebopeho. Mabapi le solubilization, ketane e telele ea hydrophobic genet hydrocarbon e matla ho feta ketane e khuts'oane ea hydrocarbon, ketane ea hydrocarbon e matla e matla ho feta ketane ea hydrocarbon e sa tšeloang matla, le phello ea solubilization ea li-surfactants tsa nonionic hangata e bohlokoa haholo. Ho

(4) Phello ea ho hasana: likaroloana tse tiileng tse kang lerōle le likaroloana tsa mobu li bonolo ho bokellana hammoho, 'me li bonolo ho lula ka metsing. Limolek'hule tsa li-surfactants li ka arola likaroloana tse tiileng tsa likaroloana tse ntle, tse qhalakaneng le ho emisoa ka tharollo. Etsa karolo ea ho ntšetsa pele ho hasana ha junifomo ea likaroloana tse tiileng. (5) Phello ea foam: Sebopeho sa foam ke haholo-holo ho hlahisa adsorption ea moemeli ea sebetsang, e bakoang ke phokotso ea tsitsipano ea bokaholimo lipakeng tsa mekhahlelo ea khase le mokelikeli. Ka kakaretso, mahlahana a boima bo tlase ba limolek'hule ho bonolo ho a fofa, mahlahana a boima bo phahameng a limolek'hule a na le foam e fokolang, 'mala o mosehla oa asiti o na le thepa e phahameng ka ho fetisisa e phophomang,' me sodium stearate e na le thepa e mpe ka ho fetesisa. Mahlahana a sebetsang a Anionic a na le thepa e ntlafetseng ea ho fofa le ho tsitsa ha foam ho feta tse seng tsa ionic. Mohlala, sodium alkylbenzene sulfonate e na le thepa e matla e phophomang. Lisebelisoa tse sebelisoang hangata tsa foam li kenyelletsa li-amide tse nang le mafura a mangata, carboxymethyl cellulose, jj., 'Me foam inhibitors e kenyelletsa mafura a acid, mafura a acid esters, polyether, jj le tse ling tse sa sebetseng.

3 Ts'ebeliso ea Surfactant

Ts'ebeliso ea li-surfactants e ka aroloa ka lits'ebetso tsa lehae le tsa indasteri. Ho ea ka data, likarolo tse peli ho tse tharo tsa li-surfactants tsa sechaba li sebelisoa lihlahisoa tsa ts'ireletso ea motho ka mong; lisepa tsa maiketsetso ke e 'ngoe ea mebaraka e meholo ka ho fetisisa ea bareki bakeng sa li-surfactants. Lihlahisoa li kenyelletsa phofo e hlatsoang, sesepa sa metsi, sesepa sa ho hlatsoa lijana le lihlahisoa tse fapaneng tsa lapeng. Lihlahisoa tsa ho hloekisa le lihlahisoa tsa ts'ireletso ea motho tse kang: shampoo, setlolo se khabisang moriri, tranelate ea moriri, setlolo, toner, tlhoekiso ea sefahleho, jj. Li-surfactants tsa indasteri ke kakaretso ea li-surfactants tse sebelisoang libakeng tse fapaneng tsa indasteri ntle le batho ba sebetsang ka har'a naha. Makala a eona a ts'ebeliso a kenyelletsa indasteri ea masela, indasteri ea tšepe, pente, pente, indasteri ea pigment, indasteri ea lehoakhoa la polasetiki, indasteri ea lijo, indasteri ea pampiri, indasteri ea letlalo, tlhahlobo ea peterole, indasteri ea lisebelisoa tsa moaho, indasteri ea meepo, indasteri ea matla, jj. .

3.1.1 E sebetsa hantle ka litlolo

Li-Surfactants li sebelisoa haholo ho litlolo tse fapaneng joalo ka li-emulsifiers, lipentšele, lisepa, lisebelisoa, lintho tse nosetsang, libaktheria, lihlahisoa, lintho tse qhibilihisang, li-antistatic, lidae tsa moriri, jj. Li-surfactants tse seng tsa ionic li sebelisoa haholo ho litlolo hobane ha li halefise ebile li e lumellana habonolo le likarolo tse ling. Ka kakaretso, ke li-acid tse mafura le li-polyether.

3.1.2 Litlhoko tsa litlolo bakeng sa li-surfactant

Sebopeho sa litlolo tsa litlolo li fapane ebile li rarahane. Ntle le lisebelisoa tsa oli le metsi, ho boetse ho na le li-surfactants tse sebetsang, li-preservative, flavors le pigments, jj, tseo e leng tsa tsamaiso ea mekhahlelo e mengata. Ka mekhoa e mengata ea litlolo le litlhoko tsa ts'ebetso, mefuta e fapaneng ea li-surfactants tse sebelisitsoeng ho litlolo le tsona lia eketseha. Li-Surfactants tse sebelisoang litlolo ha lia lokela ho halefa letlalo, ha li na litla-morao tse chefo, hape li fihlela litlhoko tsa ho hloka mmala, ha ho monko o sa thabiseng le botsitso bo phahameng.

Ts'ebeliso ea li-surfactant ka sesepa

Li-Surfactants li na le tšebetso e hloekisang ea ho hloekisa le ho thibela likokoana-hloko, 'me e bile karolo ea bohlokoahali ea lihlahisoa tsa ho hloekisa. Surfactant ke karolo ea mantlha ea sesepa. E sebelisana le mobu le lipakeng tsa mobu le bokaholimo bo tiileng (joalo ka ho kolobisa, ho kenella, ho emulsifying, ho qhibilihisa, ho qhalanya, ho phophoma makoeba, jj.) Le ho nka monyetla ka ho hlohlona ha Mechini ho fumana phello ea ho hlatsoa. E sebelisoang ka ho fetisisa le e sebelisoang haholo ke li-surfactants tsa anionic le nonionic. Li-surfactants tsa Cationic le amphoteric li sebelisoa feela tlhahiso ea mefuta e ikhethileng le mesebetsi ea sesepa. Mefuta e meholo ke LAS (e buang ka alkyl benzene sulfonate), AES (fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether sulfate), MES (α-sulfonic acid fatty acid salt), AOS (α-alkenyl sulfonate), Alkyl polyoxyethylene ether, alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ether, fatty acid diethanolamine, mofuta oa amino acid, mofuta oa betaine, jj.

3.3 Ts'ebeliso ea li-surfactant indastering ea lijo

3.3.1 Li-emulsifiers tsa lijo le li-thickeners Karolo ea bohlokoahali ea li-surfactant indastering ea lijo ke ho sebetsa e le li-emulsifiers le li-thickeners. Phospholipids ke li-emulsifiers le li-stabilizers tse sebelisoang haholo ho fetisisa. Ntle le phospholipids, li-emulsifiers tse sebelisoang haholo ke mafura a mafura a glycerides S, haholo-holo monoglyceride T, mafura a acid sucrose esters, mafura a acid sorbitan esters, fatty acid propylene glycol esters, soybean phospholipids, gum arabic, alginic acid, sodium caseinate, Gelatin le lehe la yolk jj. Thickeners e arotsoe ka mekhahlelo e 'meli: ea tlhaho le ea maiketsetso. Li-thickeners tsa tlhaho li kenyelletsa starch, gum arabic, guar gum, carrageenan, pectin, agar, le alginic acid e entsoeng ka limela le limela tsa leoatle. Hape ho na le gelatin, casein le sodium caseinate e entsoeng ka liphoofolo le limela tse nang le protheine. Le xanthan gum e entsoe ka likokoana-hloko. Li-thickeners tsa maiketsetso tse sebelisoang haholo-holo ke selulose ea sodium carboxymethyl: @ :, propylene glycol alginate, selulose glycolic acid le sodium polyacrylate, sodium starch glycolate, sodium starch phosphate, methyl cellulose le polyacrylic acid Sodium jj.

3.3.2 Lithibelo tsa lijo Rhamnose esters li na le thepa e itseng ea li-antibacterial, antiviral le anti-mycoplasma. Li-ester tsa Sucrose le tsona li na le tšusumetso e kholo ea likokoana-hloko, haholo-holo libaktheria tse nang le li-gram-positive.

Ntle le ho sebelisoa e le li-emulsifiers le li-thickeners tlhahiso ea lijo, li-surfactant li ka sebelisoa joalo ka li-dispersants, li-wetting, li-foam, li-defoamers, li-agent tsa taolo ea li-crystallization, Sterilize le ho lelefatsa nako ea ho boloka lijo. . Mohlala, ho eketsa 0.2-0.3% soya phospholipids ha ho tšeloa lebese le phofshoana e ka ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea lona ea metsi le ho senyeha, 'me e ka qhibiliha kapele ntle le ho kopanya nakong ea litokisetso. Ha o etsa mahobe le ice cream, ho eketsa mafura a glycerol acid le mafura a sucrose ho ka ba le phello e phophomang, e loketseng tlhahiso ea palo e kholo ea bubble. Tlhahiso ea lebese le koahetsoeng le lihlahisoa tsa soya, ho eketsa acid ea mafura ea glycerol ho na le phello e mpe.

3.3.4 Ts'ebeliso ea ho ntša le ho arola mebala, likarolo tsa monko o monate, likarolo tse sebetsang tsa biologically le lihlahisoa tse belisitsoeng

Lilemong tsa morao tjena, li-surfactant le tsona li sebelisitsoe haholo ho ntšeng le ho aroleng lisebelisoa tsa tlhaho lijong tse kang 'mala, metsoako ea tatso, metsoako e sebetsang ea biologically le lihlahisoa tse belisitsoeng.

3.4 Ts'ebeliso ea li-surfactant lefapheng la bongaka

Li-surfactants li na le mesebetsi ea ho kolobisa, ho emulsifying, ho qhibilihisa, jj. Ka hona li sebelisoa haholo joalo ka litlatsetso tsa meriana, haholo theknoloji ea meriana ea microemulsion e ntlafalitsoeng lilemong tsa morao tjena. Ha ho sebelisoa lithethefatsi, li-surfactants li ka sebelisoa e le li-catalysts tsa phetisetso ea mohato, tse ka fetolang boemo ba tharollo ea li-ion, ka hona tsa eketsa ts'ebetso ea li-ion, tsa etsa hore karabelo e tsoele pele tsamaisong e fapaneng, le ho ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso. Hangata li-Surfactants li sebelisoa e le li-solubilizers le sensitizers ha li hlahlojoa, haholo-holo ho li-spectroscopy tsa meriana ea fluorescence. Mabapi le ho bolaoa ha letlalo ka letlalo, leqeba kapa tšoaetso ea lera la mucous, sebolaya-mafu sa sesebelisoa le sebolaya-mafu sa tikoloho pele ho ts'ebetso ea indasteri ea meriana, li-surfactants li ka sebelisana ka matla le liprotheine tsa biofilm ho etsa kapa ho felloa ke mosebetsi, 'me li sebelisoa joalo ka libaktheria le disinfectants tse sebelisoang haholo.

4. Tloaelo ea nts'etsopele ea li-surfactants

Tataiso ea nts'etsopele ea li-surfactant e tla bonahala lintlheng tse latelang:

4.1 Khutlela tlhahong;

4.2 Tlosa lik'hemik'hale tse kotsi;

Hlatsoa 'me u sebelise mocheso oa mohatsela;

Sebelisa metsing a thata ntle le li-additives;

4.5 Ts'ireletso ea tikoloho e ka alafatsang hantle metsi a litšila, metsi a litšila, lerōle joalo-joalo.

4.6 Li-Surfactants tse ka ntlafatsang ts'ebeliso ea liminerale, mafura le tlhahiso;

4.7 Basebetsi ba sebetsang ka bongata ba mesebetsi e mengata;

4.8 Li-Surfactants tse lokisitsoeng ho tsoa litšila tsa indasteri kapa tsa litoropong tse ipapisitseng le bioengineering

4.9 Sebelisa hape ts'ebetso e sebetsang hantle e nang le tšebelisano 'moho e hlahisoang ke theknoloji ea tlhahiso.